What are terpenes? Understanding aromas in cannabis

Over the past decade, working directly with cannabis cultivation, CBD manufacturing, and hemp strain development has taught me one important lesson: the secret to truly exceptional plants lies in their terpene profiles. These natural compounds not only define a strain’s aroma and flavour but also contribute to its overall uniqueness.

Their significance is often overshadowed by cannabinoids like CBD or THC, yet terpenes contribute greatly to the distinct profiles of hemp varieties, influencing not only aroma and flavour but also the overall character of the plant.

In this article, I’ll explain terpenes — what they are, where you’ll encounter them, and why they are important in hemp cultivation. These tiny compounds are responsible for the distinctive aromas of plants, including hemp.

Whether it’s the citrusy note of limonene or the earthy aroma of myrcene, terpenes offer a sensory fingerprint that distinguishes one plant from another.

Drawing on my years of experience, I aim to shed light on the role terpenes play in shaping the identity of hemp and cannabis, moving beyond simple definitions to explore their significance in our work at Formula Swiss.

Prefer watching over reading? This video covers the key points from the article:

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Key takeaways

• Terpenes are aromatic compounds found in many plants, including hemp, responsible for their distinct scents and flavours.
• These compounds play a vital role in the plant's natural defence mechanisms against pests and environmental stressors.
• Over 20,000 different terpenes exist in nature, with more than 100 identified specifically in cannabis plants.
• Common terpenes in hemp include myrcene, limonene, pinene, linalool, and caryophyllene, each offering unique aromatic profiles.
• Terpene profiles can vary based on cultivation methods, environmental conditions, and plant genetics.
• Understanding terpenes is essential for appreciating the complexity and uniqueness of different hemp strains.

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The importance of terpenes in cannabis

According to a 2020 systematic review published in Molecules, terpenes—organic compounds found in many plants, including cannabis—are key contributors to the distinct aromas and sensory profiles of cannabis strains.

However, terpenes serve purposes beyond fragrance alone. Within the plant, they play important roles in defence mechanisms and ecological interactions.

A study published in the Journal of Cannabis Research found that terpenes, in combination with cannabinoids, significantly contribute to the distinctive aroma, flavour, and subjective effects of different cannabis strains.

Different terpene and cannabinoid profiles are known to shape these experiences in diverse ways, offering a broad spectrum of aromatic and sensory outcomes, from calming and earthy to bright and invigorating.

What is cannabis?

What exactly are terpenes?

Terpenes are hydrocarbons – organic compounds made up entirely of carbon and hydrogen atoms. They are produced by many different plants as well as some insects, such as butterflies and bees. There are believed to be over 20,000 different types of terpene molecules that exist in nature.

In plants like cannabis, terpenes serve several functions beyond just providing aroma or flavour. Some investigators believe that many types of terpene molecules help protect plants from insects or predators by producing an odour or taste that repels them or makes them feel sick when they ingest it.

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The many types of terpenes found in cannabis

Cannabis contains over 100 distinct terpene molecules, each contributing to the unique aroma and scent profile of individual strains.

Terpenes are aromatic compounds naturally present in a wide range of plants, including cannabis. These compounds are responsible for the diverse and recognisable fragrances that differentiate one strain from another. Beyond their role in scent, terpenes also play functional roles within the plant, supporting its natural interactions with the environment.

Here are the ten most important terpenes in cannabis:

Terpenes are aromatic compounds found in cannabis and many other plants. Some common terpene profiles present in cannabis include myrcene (also found in mango), limonene (also present in lemons), pinene (abundant in pine trees), caryophyllene (found in black pepper), and linalool (noted in lavender), among others.

Each terpene carries its own distinct scent and contributes to the overall aromatic character of the plant.

These compounds play a key role in shaping the fragrance and essence of different cannabis varieties. By understanding the terpene composition within a particular variety, individuals can appreciate the unique aromatic profiles that distinguish one type from another.

Terpenes offer a sensory experience that goes beyond scent alone, adding depth to the overall profile of cannabis. This awareness can assist in selecting varieties based on preferred aromatic qualities.

Terpenes: The aromatic compounds in cannabis

Terpenes are organic compounds that are produced by a wide variety of plants, including cannabis. They are responsible for the distinctive smells and flavours associated with different strains of cannabis, as well as many other plants. Terpenes play an important role in the plant kingdom by attracting pollinators and repelling predators.

They also help to regulate the plant's metabolic processes and protect it from environmental stresses. In cannabis, terpenes work in concert with cannabinoids like THC and CBD to produce a variety of effects.

While cannabinoids provide the primary psychoactive effects, terpenes can affect the intensity and duration of those effects, as well as provide their unique benefits.

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The role of terpenes in the plant kingdom

In addition to providing aromas and flavours that attract pollinators like bees or butterflies, terpenes also play an important role in protecting plants from pests and environmental stressors like heat, UV radiation, or drought.

A systematic review published in Frontiers in Microbiology found that some terpenes from medicinal plants exhibit significant antibacterial and antifungal properties, helping to prevent infections and infestations.

Terpenes also help to regulate the plant's metabolism by acting as precursors to other compounds like hormones or pigments. They can influence the plant's growth and development, as well as its response to external stimuli like light or temperature changes.

How terpenes affect the smell, taste, and effects of cannabis

Terpenes are key contributors to the distinctive aromas and flavours found in different cannabis strains. These aromatic compounds help define the unique sensory profiles of each variety. Common terpenes in cannabis include:

• Myrcene: Known for its musky, earthy aroma, often associated with herbal or woody notes.
• Limonene: Recognised for its bright, citrusy scent reminiscent of lemons and oranges.
• Pinene: Characterised by a fresh, pine-like fragrance similar to pine needles.

Beyond their aromatic qualities, terpenes interact with other compounds present in cannabis, influencing the overall experience each strain provides. For instance, myrcene is believed to play a role in how certain compounds are absorbed within the body, potentially impacting the intensity or duration of the experience.

Limonene contributes uplifting citrus notes, while pinene introduces sharp, refreshing pine aromas, all combining to shape the sensory and experiential qualities of each strain.

Understanding terpene profiles can help individuals appreciate the wide variety of cannabis offerings and select products that align with their personal preferences for scent and overall experience.

The chemical structures of terpenes

Terpenes are organic compounds composed of repeating isoprene units, each containing five carbon atoms. These units can connect in various configurations, leading to a wide array of terpene structures.

How these isoprene units link—be it linear, cyclic, or branched—determines the specific characteristics and functions of each terpene molecule.

The structural diversity of terpenes is further influenced by the number of isoprene units they contain. For instance, monoterpenes consist of two isoprene units, while sesquiterpenes have three. This variation affects properties such as molecular weight, boiling point, and solubility.

Additionally, the presence of functional groups like hydroxyl or carbonyl can modify the reactivity and interaction of terpenes with other biological molecules.

Understanding the chemical structure of terpenes is crucial for various applications, including pharmacology, aromatherapy, and agriculture. The specific arrangement of atoms within a terpene molecule influences its scent, flavour, and effects. By studying these structures, scientists can develop targeted uses for terpenes in different industries.

How terpenes affect the effects of cannabis

Terpenes contribute significantly to the aroma and flavour profile of cannabis. Beyond their sensory qualities, terpenes interact with other plant compounds, such as cannabinoids, influencing the overall character of each variety.

A study published in Scientific Reports found that terpenes can mimic and enhance cannabinoid activity, supporting the idea that their interaction helps shape the unique effects and sensory qualities of different cannabis types.

Appreciating the presence and balance of terpenes within cannabis varieties can offer insights into the diverse aromatic and experiential qualities available. Exploring a range of terpene profiles allows individuals to identify the combinations that best align with their preferences for aroma and overall sensory appeal.

The entourage effect

The entourage effect describes the interaction between various compounds within cannabis, combining to shape the overall sensory and experiential qualities of the plant.

When it comes to terpenes, their presence can influence how cannabinoids such as THC and CBD interact within the plant's overall composition. For instance, myrcene, a prevalent terpene in cannabis, is thought to contribute to the distinctive character of certain varieties when present alongside cannabinoids.

This interplay between terpenes and cannabinoids forms a complex network of interactions, contributing to the unique attributes expressed by different cannabis profiles.

Limonene, a common terpene with a citrus-like aroma, can influence the overall profile of cannabis when combined with compounds like THC. The entourage effect refers to how cannabinoids and terpenes interact, shaping the distinct characteristics of different cannabis varieties, especially when both THC and CBD are present together.

What is the entourage effect in cannabis?

Examples of how specific combinations can produce different effects

Some combinations of terpenes and cannabinoids can produce specific effects that are unique to certain strains.

For instance:

• Strains high in myrcene (like Blue Dream) are often associated with earthy, musky aromas that contribute to a calming aromatic profile.
• Strains high in limonene (like Lemon Haze) tend to carry bright, citrus-like scents linked to vibrant, refreshing experiences.
• Strains high in pinene (like Pineapple Express) offer fresh, pine-like aromas commonly connected with crisp, invigorating notes.

The combination and ratio of different compounds within each strain contribute significantly to its unique effects. Understanding how these compounds work together allows individuals to choose strains based on their desired experience.

It's important to note that everyone's body chemistry is different, so individual responses will vary depending on factors such as tolerance, dosage, and setting. However, understanding the role of terpenes in cannabis can assist individuals in making more informed decisions when choosing strains for their needs.

The power of aroma

Terpenes are found in a wide variety of plants beyond cannabis, contributing to the scents and essences of many natural sources. These aromatic compounds play a key role in practices such as aromatherapy, where essential oils containing terpenes are used to create distinctive sensory environments.

Essential oil blends rich in terpenes are often diffused into the air or incorporated into topical products, valued for their fragrant and atmospheric qualities. Aromatherapy relies on these aromatic profiles to shape mood and ambience.

Terpenes like linalool, limonene, and alpha-pinene are popular in aromatherapy for their unique scent characteristics, ranging from floral and citrusy to fresh and pine-like, enhancing the overall aromatic experience.

Terpenes and ongoing research

Scientific studies continue to explore the properties of various terpenes found in plants, including cannabis. These aromatic compounds are of interest for their potential roles in contributing to the plant’s overall profile and interactions with other compounds.

For example, beta-caryophyllene, known for its spicy, pepper-like aroma, has been studied for its interactions with receptors in the body. Myrcene, with its earthy and musky scent, is frequently discussed in research for its role in enhancing the presence of other plant compounds.

Limonene, recognised for its citrusy fragrance, has also attracted attention in scientific studies focused on its interaction with biological systems. Preliminary research, including animal studies, has examined its potential influence on cellular activity, though further investigation is ongoing.

As scientific interest in terpenes grows, these compounds continue to be studied for their diverse properties and their contributions to plant-based products. Future research may provide greater insight into their potential roles across various applications.

Personal perspective

I have always found terpenes to be one of the most fascinating aspects of the cannabis plant. Their role extends far beyond simply contributing to aroma; they offer a window into the intricate natural chemistry that defines each strain’s unique profile.

My work in hemp production has allowed me to study these compounds closely, appreciating the way their presence shapes the sensory experience of various products, from oils to topicals.

Through years of research and hands-on experience, I’ve come to recognise terpenes as essential to understanding the full character of hemp and cannabis plants. Each terpene—whether it’s the citrus notes of limonene or the earthy tones of myrcene—adds depth and complexity to the plant’s overall profile.

Sharing this knowledge helps highlight the richness of the plant’s natural composition and fosters a greater appreciation for the diversity within the hemp and CBD space.

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