What is Caryophyllene?

Terpenes are a group of organic compounds that are found in plants and have been recognized for their significant role in providing the characteristic odor and flavors of various plant species. Apart from contributing to the smell and taste of plants, terpenes also play an essential part in the growth, development, and reproduction of many herbaceous species.

As humans, we have a long history with plant-based medicine as cultures worldwide have been using herbal remedies for thousands of years. It's no wonder why scientists are interested in terpenes - compounds which can be sourced from plants and come with a range of medicinal properties.

Definition of Terpenes

Terpenes are volatile organic compounds that contribute to the unique aroma and flavor profiles found in different types of plants. They are responsible for creating the powerful scents found in herbs such as lavender, rosemary or basil, as well as fruits like oranges or lemons.

While there are around 20,000 different terpenes found in nature (with over 100 present in cannabis alone), each one has its own unique chemical structure that creates a specific scent profile. Many terpenes also work synergistically with other compounds to enhance their effects.

What Are Terpenes?

Importance of Terpenes in Plants

Terpenes play an essential role in nature by contributing to various plant functions such as pollination and defense mechanisms against predators. Some terpene profiles act as attractants for pollinators who may help fertilize the plant's flowers while others act as deterrents against herbivores who may eat away at certain parts of the plant.

The complexity and diversity present within these molecules provide us with a better understanding not only on how they affect our senses but also how they interact within their respective ecosystems.

The Focus on Caryophyllene

Caryophyllene is a specific terpene found in various plant species, including black pepper, basil, and cloves. It is unique in that it's the only known terpene that acts as a cannabinoid by indirectly interacting with the CB2 receptors of our endocannabinoid system (ECS). Interestingly, caryophyllene can also be found in some strains of cannabis and has been associated with anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects.

As research continues to explore the potential benefits of this compound, it's becoming increasingly clear that caryophyllene may have many more uses than just fragrance. By studying this molecule in depth, we can gain valuable insights into how it works within both plants and humans.

Overview of Caryophyllene

Caryophyllene is a terpene that is commonly found in several types of plants, including clove, black pepper, and hops. With its distinct spicy and woody aroma, caryophyllene has become increasingly popular in modern times for its potential health benefits and culinary uses.

Chemical structure and properties

Caryophyllene has the chemical formula C15H24 and belongs to the class of sesquiterpenes. The compound is characterized by a bicyclic ring system with an exocyclic double bond.

Unlike many other terpenes, caryophyllene does not contain any functional groups like hydroxyl or carbonyl groups. This unique structure makes it resistant to oxidation, which enhances its stability when used in various applications.

In terms of physical properties, caryophyllene is a colorless or pale yellow liquid with a boiling point of 263-265°C. It also has a low solubility in water but dissolves well in organic solvents like ethanol and hexane.

Sources of caryophyllene in nature

As mentioned earlier, caryophyllene is found naturally in several plants such as clove buds (Syzygium aromaticum), black pepper (Piper nigrum), basil (Ocimum basilicum), oregano (Origanum vulgare), cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum), broccoli, leafy greens, and hops (Humulus lupulus). It can be obtained through steam distillation from these plant sources.

Common uses and applications

Caryophyllene has numerous uses across different industries due to its unique properties. In the food industry, it is used as a natural flavoring agent for various dishes such as stews, soups, and baked goods.

It is also a key component in the production of spiced beverages like chai tea and mulled wine. In the cosmetic industry, caryophyllene is used in skincare products due to its anti-inflammatory properties.

It has been shown to help reduce skin inflammation and redness, making it an ideal addition to products that target acne-prone skin. Moreover, caryophyllene has potential medical benefits as well.

Recent studies have suggested that it may have anti-inflammatory and pain-relieving effects on the body. This makes it a viable natural alternative for those who prefer not to use traditional NSAIDs (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) for pain management.

Caryophyllene's unique chemical structure and properties make it a highly versatile compound with numerous applications across different industries. Its potential health benefits and culinary uses continue to attract attention from researchers and consumers alike, making it one of the most important terpenes found in nature today.

Health Benefits of Caryophyllene

Overall, the health benefits of caryophyllene are numerous and diverse. This terpene has been shown to have anti-inflammatory, pain-relieving, and mood-enhancing properties, making it a promising natural treatment option for a range of conditions.

While more research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms behind caryophyllene’s effects, there is no doubt that this compound has tremendous potential as a therapeutic agent. Whether used topically or ingested in the form of essential oils or supplements, caryophyllene is an exciting area of study for researchers and healthcare practitioners alike.

Anti-inflammatory properties

One of the most well-known benefits of caryophyllene is its anti-inflammatory properties. Inflammation is a natural response by the body to injury and infection, but chronic inflammation can lead to a number of health problems. Research has shown that caryophyllene can help reduce inflammation by inhibiting the production of inflammatory molecules in the body.

Studies have demonstrated that caryophyllene is effective in treating a range of inflammatory conditions, including arthritis, multiple sclerosis, and colitis. It has been found to be particularly effective when used topically or as part of an essential oil blend.

Pain relief

Caryophyllene is also known for its pain-relieving properties. Researchers believe that this terpene works by interacting with the body’s endocannabinoid system, which plays a key role in regulating pain perception.

Studies have shown that caryophyllene can be effective in reducing both acute and chronic pain. For example, one study found that inhaling caryophyllene-rich essential oils helped reduce pain and improve quality of life for patients with chronic lower back pain.

Potential as a treatment for anxiety and depression

Another area where caryophyllene shows promise is in the treatment of anxiety and depression. Like many terpenes, it has anxiolytic (anti-anxiety) and antidepressant effects. Research suggests that caryophyllene may work by binding to certain receptors in the brain associated with mood regulation.

One study found that mice given caryophyllene had reduced symptoms of anxiety and depression compared to a control group. While more research is needed on humans, these findings suggest that caryophyllene could be a promising natural treatment option for those struggling with anxiety and depression.

Culinary Uses of Caryophyllene

The terpene caryophyllene is not only a powerful anti-inflammatory and pain-relieving agent but also has a unique flavor profile that lends itself to various culinary uses. Its peppery, spicy, and woody notes make it an excellent addition to many dishes.

Flavor Profile and Aroma

Caryophyllene's aroma is described as peppery, spicy, and woody. It has a slightly sweet undertone that adds complexity to its overall taste. Its flavor profile makes it an ideal ingredient in savory dishes such as stews, soups, curries, and marinades. Additionally, its unique aroma makes it popular in the production of beverages such as beer and gin.

Common Foods that Contain Caryophyllene

Caryophyllene can be found in various foods we consume daily. Some of these include black pepper, cloves, cinnamon basil leaves, oregano leaves thyme leaves among others. Black pepper contains high amounts of caryophyllene; therefore adding black pepper to dishes elevates its medicinal properties.

Use in Food Preservation

Caryophyllene has antimicrobial properties that make it useful in food preservation applications. The compound can help reduce spoilage by inhibiting the growth of bacteria on food surfaces or within packaged foods. It is commonly used in the preservation of meat products such as sausages.

Caryophyllene's unique aroma and flavor profile make it an excellent addition to various cuisines worldwide due to its ability to enhance savory dishes' taste profiles while providing numerous health benefits at the same time. Its use extends beyond culinary arts; thus making it a versatile compound worth exploring further for its industrial uses like food preservation applications.

Industrial Uses of Caryophyllene

Use as a Natural Insecticide and Pesticide

One of the most exciting industrial uses of caryophyllene is its potential as a natural insecticide and pesticide. Studies have shown that this terpene has strong insecticidal properties that can be used to control harmful pests.

Additionally, caryophyllene has been found to be effective in repelling mosquitoes, which can carry dangerous diseases like malaria and dengue fever. Caryophyllene is particularly useful because it is a natural compound that does not harm the environment.

Unlike synthetic pesticides, it does not leave harmful residues on crops or pollute water sources. This makes it an ideal choice for farmers who are seeking to grow organic produce without resorting to toxic chemicals.

Potential Use in the Production of Biofuels

Caryophyllene also holds promise as a potential biofuel source. Researchers have identified this terpene as a potential feedstock for the production of advanced biofuels, which are renewable fuels made from non-food sources like waste products and plant materials.

One study found that caryophyllene could be converted into advanced biofuels using a process called hydrodeoxygenation (HDO), which removes oxygen atoms from the compound and turns it into high-energy liquid fuels. This could have significant implications for reducing our dependence on fossil fuels and mitigating climate change.

Conclusion

Caryophyllene is a versatile terpene with many potential benefits for human health, culinary arts, and industry. Its anti-inflammatory properties make it an attractive option for treating pain and inflammation associated with various medical conditions. Additionally, its unique flavor profile makes it an excellent addition to food dishes and beverages.

In industry, caryophyllene shows great potential as a natural insecticide and pesticide, as well as a possible feedstock for the production of advanced biofuels. As we continue to explore the many uses of this fascinating compound, it is clear that there is much more to discover.

We encourage further research into the potential benefits and applications of caryophyllene, and look forward to seeing how this terpene can make a positive impact on our lives and our planet. Let us embrace the wonders of nature with open arms!

What Are Terpenes?

Sources

• Al Mansouri, S., Ojha, S., Al Maamari, E., Al Ameri, M., Nurulain, S. M., & Bahi, A. (2014). The cannabinoid receptor 2 agonist, β-caryophyllene, reduced voluntary alcohol intake and attenuated ethanol-induced place preference and sensitivity in mice. Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior, 124, 260–268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbb.2014.06.025
• Bahi, A., Al Mansouri, S., Al Memari, E., Al Ameri, M., Nurulain, S. M., & Ojha, S. (2014). β-Caryophyllene, a CB2 receptor agonist produces multiple behavioral changes relevant to anxiety and depression in mice. Physiology & Behavior, 135, 119–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.06.003
• Bento, A. F., Marcon, R., Dutra, R. C., Claudino, R. F., Cola, M., Leite, D. F., & Calixto, J. B. (2011). β-Caryophyllene inhibits dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in mice through CB2 receptor activation and PPARγ pathway. The American Journal of Pathology, 178(3), 1153–1166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajpath.2010.11.052
• Beta-caryophyllene. CPID. (n.d.). Retrieved December 10, 2021, from https://www.whatsinproducts.com/chemicals/  view/1/5163/000087-44-5.
• Butnariu M., Butu A. (2015) Chemical Composition of Vegetables and Their Products. In: Cheung P., Mehta B. (eds) Handbook of Food Chemistry. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-36605-5_17
• Calleja, M. A., Vieites, J. M., Montero-Meléndez, T., Torres, M. I., Faus, M. J., Gil, A., & Suárez, A. (2013). The antioxidant effect of β-caryophyllene protects rat liver from carbon tetrachloride-induced fibrosis by inhibiting hepatic stellate cell activation. The British Journal of Nutrition, 109(3), 394–401. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114512001298
• Dahham, S., Tabana, Y., Iqbal, M., Ahamed, M., Ezzat, M., Majid, A., & Majid, A. (2015). The anticancer, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of the sesquiterpene β-caryophyllene from the essential oil of Aquilaria Crassna. Molecules, 20(7), 11808–11829. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules200711808
• Klauke, A. L., Racz, I., Pradier, B., Markert, A., Zimmer, A. M., Gertsch, J., & Zimmer, A. (2014). The cannabinoid CB₂ receptor-selective phytocannabinoid beta-caryophyllene exerts analgesic effects in mouse models of inflammatory and neuropathic pain. European Neuropsychopharmacology : The Journal of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology, 24(4), 608–620. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2013.10.008
• Horváth, B., Mukhopadhyay, P., Kechrid, M., Patel, V., Tanchian, G., Wink, D. A., Gertsch, J., & Pacher, P. (2012). β-Caryophyllene ameliorates cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in a cannabinoid 2 receptor-dependent manner. Free Radical Biology & Medicine, 52(8), 1325–1333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.01.014
• Hwang, E. S., Kim, H. B., Lee, S., Kim, M. J., Kim, K. J., Han, G., Han, S. Y., Lee, E. A., Yoon, J. H., Kim, D. O., Maeng, S., & Park, J. H. (2020). Antidepressant-like effects of β-caryophyllene on restraint plus stress-induced depression. Behavioural Brain Research, 380, 112439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112439
• Pant, A., Mishra, V., Saikia, S. K., Shukla, V., Asthana, J., Akhoon, B. A., & Pandey, R. (2014). Beta-caryophyllene modulates expression of stress response genes and mediates longevity in Caenorhabditis elegans. Experimental Gerontology, 57, 81–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exger.2014.05.007
• Turcotte, C., Blanchet, M. R., Laviolette, M., & Flamand, N. (2016). The CB₂ receptor and its role as a regulator of inflammation. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences: CMLS, 73(23), 4449–4470. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-016-2300-4
• Scandiffio, R., Geddo, F., Cottone, E., Querio, G., Antoniotti, S., Gallo, M. P., Maffei, M. E., & Bovolin, P. (2020). Protective Effects of (E)-β-Caryophyllene (BCP) in Chronic Inflammation. Nutrients, 12(11), 3273. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12113273
• Zhou, W., Yang, S., Li, B., Nie, Y., Luo, A., Huang, G., Liu, X., Lai, R., & Wei, F. (2020). Why wild giant pandas frequently roll in horse manure. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 117(51), 32493–32498.   https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2004640117