Cannabinoids are compounds that act on the body’s cannabinoid receptors. Cannabis makes more than 100 of them, mostly as acids (THCA, CBDA, CBGA, CBCA) that heat turns into THC, CBD, CBG and CBC. The body makes its own, such as anandamide and 2-AG. Formula Swiss tests every production batch and publishes the cannabinoids it measures.
Key facts
- Chemical class
- Plant cannabinoids are mostly terpenophenolic compounds. Endocannabinoids are fatty-acid derivatives, and synthetic cannabinoids vary widely in structure.
- Where they occur
- Plant cannabinoids form mainly in the resin glands (trichomes) of Cannabis sativa. Endocannabinoids are made in the body.
- Legal status
- It differs by compound and country. THC is controlled in most countries. CBD, CBG and CBN are not listed in the UN drug conventions, and many synthetic cannabinoids are banned.
- In Formula Swiss products
- Our four 30 ml oils contain CBD and CBG, and the full-spectrum ones also CBC, CBN, CBDV and traces of THC (report 260410_A01). The THC-free oils showed no detectable THC.
Introduction to cannabinoids
Cannabinoids are a group of active compounds found in the cannabis plant. These naturally occurring substances are responsible for many of the plant’s effects, including the psychoactive high linked to THC.
In recent decades, interest in cannabinoids has grown significantly. This shift has been shaped by changing attitudes towards cannabis, advances in the understanding of the body’s endocannabinoid system, and anecdotal reports of how cannabinoids are used.
The science of cannabinoids
To explore cannabinoids, it is essential first to understand the endocannabinoid system. This complex cell-signalling network was identified in the early 1990s during research into THC, one of the best-known cannabinoids.
The endocannabinoid system is active in the body even without cannabis use and plays an important role in maintaining homeostasis, or internal balance, in response to environmental changes.
Research studies have documented how cannabinoids interact with the endocannabinoid system (ECS), which forms part of the nervous system. This occurs primarily through two receptors: CB1, found mostly in the central nervous system, and CB2, more commonly present in peripheral cells linked to the immune system.
When cannabinoids bind to these receptors, they influence the release of neurotransmitters, resulting in a variety of physiological effects.
Cannabinoids can be introduced to the body by inhalation, ingestion, or topical application, with their effects differing depending on both the compound and the method of use.
There are three main categories of cannabinoids:
| Type of cannabinoid | Description |
|---|---|
| Phytocannabinoids |
These occur naturally in the cannabis plant as well as in a small number of other plants. Cannabis contains the widest and most diverse range, with more than 150 known cannabinoids identified so far. Interestingly, cannabis does not directly produce cannabinoids. Instead, it creates cannabinoid acids such as THCA and CBDA, which must be activated to become compounds like THC and CBD. |
| Endocannabinoids |
Produced naturally in the body by different organs and tissues, these compounds share structural similarities with cannabinoids from plants. The body synthesises endocannabinoids to help regulate processes including memory, mood, immunity, sleep, and stress response. The two main endocannabinoids are anandamide (AEA) and 2-AG (2-arachidonoylglycerol). |
| Synthetic cannabinoids |
These are man-made compounds created through chemical synthesis rather than occurring naturally. More than 200 synthetic cannabinoids exist, most designed to strongly affect the body’s cannabinoid receptors. However, some have raised safety concerns due to potentially harmful effects. |
The most common cannabinoids
The two most widely recognised cannabinoids are THC (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol) and CBD (cannabidiol).
THC is the main psychoactive compound in cannabis, responsible for the “high” often associated with use. It can influence mood, perception, and short-term memory, and may create feelings of relaxation or euphoria.
CBD, by contrast, is non-psychoactive. It has become a subject of extensive research, with studies exploring its potential roles in various contexts.
Other noteworthy cannabinoids include Cannabigerol (CBG), Cannabichromene (CBC), and Tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV), each being studied for their unique properties.
You can find a broader overview of common cannabinoids in the table below.
Research on cannabinoids
Research into cannabinoids continues to expand and is still at an early stage.
| Cannabinoid abbreviation | Full name | Description | |
|---|---|---|---|
| THC | Tetrahydrocannabinol | THC is the most familiar and often most abundant cannabinoid in cannabis. | Read article |
| CBD | Cannabidiol | CBD is a non-psychoactive cannabinoid that has been extensively researched. | |
| CBG | Cannabigerol | CBG is non-psychoactive. Research into CBG is still at an early stage. | |
| CBC | Cannabichromene | CBC is non-psychoactive. Research into CBC is still at an early stage. | Read article |
| THCV | Tetrahydrocannabivarin | THCV is psychoactive, though it produces a different type of effect compared to THC, often described as more energising or focused. | |
| THCA | Tetrahydrocannabinolic Acid | THCA is the non-psychoactive acidic precursor to THC. | |
| CBN | Cannabinol | CBN is mildly psychoactive. | |
| CBDV | Cannabidivarin | CBDV is non-psychoactive. Research into CBDV is still at an early stage. | Read article |
| CBDA | Cannabidiolic Acid | CBDA is the acidic precursor to CBD. | |
| CBGA | Cannabigerolic Acid | CBGA is considered the “stem cell” of cannabinoids, as it is the precursor to many others. | |
| Δ8-THC | Delta-8-Tetrahydrocannabinol | Delta-8-THC is psychoactive but less potent than delta-9-THC. | |
| CBL | Cannabicyclol | CBL is non-psychoactive and typically present in small amounts in cannabis. | |
| CBE | Cannabielsoin | CBE is a relatively unknown cannabinoid with little confirmed research at present. More studies are needed to determine its properties. | |
| CBCV | Cannabichromevarin | CBCV is a varin form of CBC. It is non-psychoactive, and more research is necessary. | |
| CBNA | Cannabinolic Acid | CBNA is the acidic precursor to CBN. Further research is required to understand its properties fully. |
It is important to remember that more research is required to fully understand both the effects and the risks of cannabinoids. Responses vary from person to person, and cannabinoids are not always suitable for everyone.
Consulting a healthcare professional is recommended before beginning any new treatment.
Frequently asked questions
What are cannabinoids?
Cannabinoids are chemical compounds that act on cannabinoid receptors in cells that alter neurotransmitter release in the brain. There are three types: endocannabinoids (produced naturally in the body), phytocannabinoids (found in cannabis and some other plants), and synthetic cannabinoids (artificially manufactured).
What is the difference between THC and CBD?
THC (tetrahydrocannabinol) and CBD (cannabidiol) are the two primary cannabinoids that occur naturally in the Cannabis sativa plant. THC is psychoactive, meaning it can give a "high" feeling, while CBD is not psychoactive.
What are the effects of cannabinoids?
The effects of cannabinoids can vary greatly depending on the specific cannabinoid. THC, for example, can induce psychoactive effects and feelings of euphoria, while CBD is not psychoactive.
Are cannabinoids legal?
The legality of cannabinoids depends on the specific cannabinoid and the laws of the country. In many places, CBD is legal while THC is not. However, laws are rapidly changing all over the world.
How are cannabinoids used in medicine?
Cannabinoids, particularly CBD, are being studied in medical research. Some cannabinoid-based medicines are available on prescription in certain countries.
Can you overdose on cannabinoids?
While it's virtually impossible to overdose on cannabinoids like CBD, using large amounts of THC can lead to negative side effects like paranoia, anxiety, and dizziness. It's important to use all substances responsibly.
